ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of weaning and concentrate supplementation on the characteristics of carcass cuts and longissimus muscle of Suffolk lambs finished on a Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) pasture. Weaning and concentrate supplementation strategies were evaluated in four finishing systems: i) non-weaned and non-supplemented lambs; ii) non-weaned lambs supplemented with concentrate in creep feeding; iii) weaned and non-supplemented lambs; and iv) weaned lambs supplemented with concentrate. In the systems with weaning, lambs were weaned at 46 ± 6 days of age. In the systems with supplementation, the concentrate was offered daily at 2% of lambs’ body weight. Weaning led to a decrease, whereas supplementation led to an increase in carcass cut weights. Supplemented lambs had lower yields of neck and uncovered ribs, and higher yields of breast + flank and loin. The characteristics of loin eye and fat thickness over the longissimus muscle presented lower values in weaned lambs and higher values in supplemented lambs. Keeping lambs with their dams and offering concentrate supplementation until slaughter are strategies recommended to obtain heavier cuts with increased muscularity and fat content.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the phenotypic correlations of residual feed intake (RFI) and gross feed efficiency (GFE) with hematological and metabolic blood profiles of lambs and to determine the differences for these traits in animals of different RFI classes. Twenty Ile de France male lambs, 115±8 days of age and 31.3±4.1 kg of body weight (means ± SD), were individually housed and their dry matter intake was measured over 65 days. They were weighed every 13 days to determine the average daily weight gain and two blood samples were collected at the last two weighings (at 07h30) for analysis of blood variables. The animals were divided into two classes: negative RFI (most efficient: <0.5 SD below the mean; n = 6) and positive RFI (least efficient: >0.5 SD above the mean; n=8). There were associations among RFI and the serum metabolic variables for albumin (rRFI = 0.74) and creatinine (rRFI = -0.45) and between GFE and serum albumin (rGFE = -0.70). Less efficient animals as measured by RFI had higher serum albumin and lower creatinine levels and showed a tendency to have a greater concentration of total plasma protein. Other serum biochemical parameters were not correlated with GFE and RFI, and no differences between RFI classes were found. There was a correlation between the percentage of eosinophils and RFI (rRFI = -0.65), and such more efficient animals had a higher proportion of these cells and a trend to have a lower percentage of monocytes. This study provided evidence indicating associations between RFI and protein metabolism, as reflected by the serum albumin and creatinine. The hematological findings suggest that RFI is related to susceptibility of lambs to stressand should provide a basis for further research in this regard.

Em função das diversas variações metabólicas relacionadas com o consumo alimentar residual (CAR), objetivou-se nesse estudo avaliar as correlações do CAR tradicional (CAR1), CAR ajustado para deposição de gordura subcutânea na garupa (CAR2) e da conversão alimentar (CA) com o perfil metabólico e sanguíneo, assim como verificar as possíveis diferenças das classes de CAR1 e CAR2. Para tanto, foram utilizados 46 touros da raça Nelore com 22 meses de idade e 411kg no início do estudo. Os animais foram alimentados com a mesma dieta durante 84 dias, nesse período foram coletadas a cada 21 dias amostras de sangue para avaliação de metabólitos no soro e do perfil celular no sangue. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas da CA com nenhuma característica metabólica ou sanguínea, já para o CAR1 foi encontrada correlação significativa para a concentração de ureia sérica, também houve diferença entre as classes com relação à creatinina, na qual animais mais eficientes apresentaram valores superiores para essa variável. O CAR2 não foi correlacionado com nenhuma variável metabólica e das células do sangue, porém animais de menor CAR2 tiveram menor quantidade de eosinófilos quando comparados com os animais de maior CAR2. Esses resultados sugerem que animais menos eficientes para CAR podem ter maior gasto energético com processos de síntese e degradação proteica corporal, devido à maior quantidade de ureia presente no sangue.

Due to the potential metabolic changes related to the residual feed intake (RFI), this study investigated the correlation of traditional RFI (RFI1), RFI adjusted for final rump fat thickness (RFI2) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) with the metabolic and blood profiles, as well as determined the possible different classes of RFI1 and RFI2. For this purpose, 46 Nellore bulls, 22 month-old and 411kg of weight at the beginning of the study were used. The animals were fed with the same diet for 84 days, and blood samples were collected every 21 days for evaluation of serum metabolites and blood cell profiles. No significant correlations were found between FCR and metabolic or blood traits, although there was a significant correlation between RFI1 and urea serum concentration. There were also differences between the RFI classes for creatinine, in which more efficient animals showed higher values. The RFI2 did not correlate with any metabolic and blood cell variable, but young bulls with smaller RFI2 had a smaller number of eosinophils when compared to animals with higher RFI2. These results suggest that animals with a high RFI can have greater energy expenditure due to protein synthesis and degradation process, resulting in a larger blood urea level.

The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and milk yield, fat and protein contents, breed and season effects, parity and days in milk in dairy cows from Paraná State, Brazil. A total of 127,428 test-days from 16,013 dairy cows belonging to 96 herds enrolled in an official milk recording program were analyzed. Multivariate mixed model methodology was used to determine the relationship between MUN and the fixed effects and the covariable milk production. Milk urea nitrogen averaged 14.45±4.60 mg/dL. Positive and intermediate association between MUN and milk yield (r = 0.34) were found. Holstein cows showed lower MUN adjusted means than crossbred, Jersey, and Brown Swiss cows: 14.18 vs. 15.49, 16.12, and 17.62 mg/dL, respectively. First-lactation cows showed higher MUN values than second-lactation and older cows: 16.16 vs. 15.95, and 15.45 mg/dL, respectively. MUN test-days collected during the winter were higher than those collected in the other seasons. The effects of the lactation stage on MUN were significant, with the highest MUN values observed in the sixth month of lactation. High-producing dairy cows showed higher milk urea concentrations but several environmental factors may contribute to reduce this important parameter of diet utilization efficiency.

The present experimental assay evaluated the effect of lab silo sealing methods on the ensilage of the sugarcane, with or without microbial additives (Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici). Twenty-liter plastic buckets were used as experimental silos, which were sealed with either a polyethylene sheet (silo cover with a mesh size of 200 µm) or an appropriate plastic lid equipped with Bunsen valve. Silos were stored for 30, 60, or 90 days. Fermentative losses, chemical composition, organic acids, ethanol and aerobic stability were evaluated. The sealing method employed did not influence most of evaluated variables, showing a small decrease of effluent production in silos covered with polyethylene sheet. The microbial additive did not avoid dry matter (DM) fermentative losses in sugarcane silages (216 g kg-1), nor affected aerobic stability (44.6 hours). The levels of neutral and acid detergent fiber of fresh sugarcane increased after ensiling due to DM losses as gases and effluent. The ethanol content of silages was not influenced by treatments (mean 146 g kg-1 of DM). The sealing methods of experimental silos were not affected by the evaluated variables; polyethylene sheet and plastic lid show the same performance on the fermentative model and both methods represent well the conditions of large scale farm silos.

Nesta pesquisa, comparou-se a inclusão de aditivo composto por cepas de Lactobacillus brevis + Enterococcus faecium + L. plantarum à inoculação com aditivo comercial contendo cepas de Lactobacillus buchneri e à ensilagem sem aditivos (controle). As silagens foram confeccionadas em silos experimentais e armazenadas por 90 dias antes da abertura do silo. Foram avaliadas a composição bromatológica da cana-de-açúcar antes e após a ensilagem, a composição de ácidos orgânicos e etanol das silagens, a estabilidade aeróbia e as perdas fermentativas durante o processo de ensilagem. O uso do aditivo composto e do aditivo comercial contendo cepas de Lactobacillus buchneri provocou aumento da produção de efluentes e de gases e da perda total de matéria seca. O teor de ácido lático da silagem aumentou com o uso do aditivo composto, embora esse aditivo também tenha elevado o teor de etanol (18,6% da MS) em relação ao da silagem controle (14,4%). A estabilidade aeróbia da silagem não foi influenciada pelos inoculantes adicionados no processo de ensilagem. Os aditivos aplicados prejudicaram o processo de ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar.

In this study, the inclusion of Lactobacillus brevis + Enterococcus faecium + L. plantarum was compared to the inoculation with a commercial additive containing strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and to the silage without additives (control). Silages were prepared in experimental silos and stored for 90 days before opening of the silos. It was evaluated chemical composition of sugarcane before and after ensiling process, composition of organic acids and ethanol in the silages, aerobic stability and fermentative losses during the ensiling process. Use of compound additive and commercial additive containing strains of Lactobacillus buchneri increased production of effluents and gas and total dry matter losses. Lactic acid content in the silage increased with the use of compound additive, although this additive had increased content of ethanol (18.6% of DM) compared with the control ensilage (14.4%). Aerobic stability in the silage was not influenced by inoculants added into ensilage process. The additives used have impaired the ensiling process of sugarcane.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, identificar os efeitos do espaçamento de plantio de 0,90 m e 1,30 m e da frequência de um ou dois cortes na produção de biomassa da cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi realizado em três fazendas no município de Santo Antônio da Platina PR, utilizando-se a cultivar RB72454 implantada em novembro de 2004. As avaliações foram realizadas até janeiro de 2006. Os tratamentos foram compostos da combinação dos espaçamentos de 0,90 m e 1,30 m com as frequências de um ou dois cortes, aos 240 dias cana-planta e 180 dias cana-soca ou 420 dias de cana-planta, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x2 e cinco repetições. A produção de biomassa da cultivar RB72454 variou entre 142,49 t-ha-1 e 225,70 t-ha-1 e foi resultante do efeito do espaçamento de plantio. A frequência de cortes afetou (P<0,05) a produtividade, sendo que a frequência de 1 corte foi mais produtiva em 21,41% que em 2 cortes. A perda relativa a tocos em situação de colheita mecanizada representou, em média, 17,41% da produtividade total para a frequência de 2 cortes e 6,83% para frequência de 1 corte.

The objective of this study was to identify the effect of 0.90 m and 1.30 m row spacing and one or two periods of harvesting on the agronomical characteristics and forage yield of sugarcane cultivar RB72454. The trial was performed in three farms located in Santo Antônio da Platina - PR, from November 2004 to January 2006. Treatments were composed by combination of 0.90 m and 1.30 m row spacing and number of harvesting, being two periods of harvesting (240 days of plant-cane and 180 days of regrowth), or one harvesting (420 days of plant-cane). A randomized blocks design was used, with five replicates per treatment. The yield forage varied between 142.49 t-ha-1 and 225.70 t-ha-1 and was due to row spacing. The period of harvesting affected (P<0.05) the yield and the treatment of one cut was 21.41% more productive than two harvests. The stubbles losses in simulated mechanical harvesting represented, on average, 17.41% and 6.83% of the total yield for two and one harvesting, respectively.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de aditivos químicos na ensilagem de resíduos (entrecasca) da produção de palmito pupunha (Bactris gasipaes, Kunth). Utilizaram-se silos experimentais (baldes de 20 litros) providos de aparatos para determinação gravimétrica de perdas por gases e efluentes. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: controle (sem aditivos); ureia (1% da MV) e cal virgem (1% da MV). Decorridos 70 dias de armazenagem, os silos foram pesados, abertos e amostrados. As perdas por efluentes e gases aumentaram com a aplicação de cal virgem na ensilagem. As perdas totais de MS foram de 15,1; 14,4 e 26,6% nas silagens controle, ureia e cal, respectivamente. Em todas as silagens, houve redução no teor de FDN e elevação da fração FDA, o que indica desaparecimento da fração hemicelulose. A relação cálcio:fósforo aumentou substancialmente com a adição de cal virgem, de 4,1:1 na silagem controle para 15,6:1 na silagem com cal. O resíduo da extração do palmito pupunha pode ser classificado como alimento de média qualidade e alto teor de umidade. Os aditivos aplicados na ensilagem não são efetivos em reduzir as perdas fermentativas no processo de conservação.

Feeding animals with agro-residues may reduce costs and environmental concerns. The agroindustrial wastes used as ruminant feeding are an alternative for ambient problems caused by it accumulation. This study aimed to evaluate chemical additives on the ensilage of residues of pupunha palm (Bactris gasipaes, Kunth) production. Experimental silos (20 L buckets) were used equipped with meters to determine gas and effluent DM losses. The experimental treatments were: control (no additives); urea (1% - wet basis) and calcium oxide (1% WB). After 70 days storage, the silos were weighed, opened and sampled. Effluent and gas DM losses increased with the application of calcium oxide at ensiling. Total DM losses were 15.1, 14.4 and 26.6% for the Control, Urea and Calcium oxide treatments, respectively. In all the treatments there was reduction in the NDF and increase in ADF increasing rates, that showed hemicellulose disappearance. The Ca:P ratio increased dramatically after calcium oxide addition, from 4.1:1 to 15.6:1. The residue from pupunha heart of palm extraction can be classified as a medium quality foodstuff with high moisture content. The additive applied at ensiling are not effective in reducing fermentative losses during the conservation process.

Objetivou-se identificar os efeitos dos espaçamentos de plantio (0,90 m e 1,30 m entre linhas) e da idade de corte na composição bromatológica e nas características da silagem de cana-de-açúcar, variedade RB72-454. O experimento foi realizado no período de novembro de 2004 a janeiro de 2006. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da combinação dos espaçamentos de 0,90 m e 1,30 m com as idades de corte de 240 (cana-planta), 180 (rebrote) e 420 dias (cana-planta). O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições por combinação de espaçamento e idade de corte. Como silos experimentais, foram utilizados tubos de PVC com tampas próprias para vedação, que, depois de fechados, foram armazenados em lugar arejado por 90 dias. A análise dos dados comprovou não haver efeito significativo do espaçamento de plantio sobre as características bromatológicas da cana-de-açúcar. A idade de corte teve efeito significativo nos teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, resíduo mineral, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, lignina e ºbrix. Com o aumento da idade de corte, houve redução dos constituintes da parede celular, em virtude do acúmulo de carboidratos solúveis. A silagem apresentou aumento do teor de proteína e dos constituintes da parede celular, em virtude da utilização dos carboidratos solúveis no processo de fermentação. As características químico-bromatológicas não foram alteradas pela redução do espaçamento de plantio. O corte da cana-de-açúcar aos 240 e 180 dias acarreta maiores perdas nutritivas no processo de ensilagem.

The objective of this experiment was to identify the effect of row spacing (0.90 m and 1.30 m) and harvesting ages on the chemical composition and characteristics of sugarcane silage and productivity of the RB72-454 variety sugarcane. The experiment was carried out from November 2004 to January 2006. Treatments consisted of a combination of 0.90 m and 1.30 m row spacing and harvesting ages were 240 days (plant-cane), 180 days (regrowth) and 420 days (plant-cane). A randomized block experimental design was used, with five replications per treatment. The experimental silos were PVC pipes with individual covers, stored in a ventilated place for 90 days. The data analysis demonstrated there was no significant effect of the row spacing on the sugarcane chemical composition. The harvest age had significant effect on contents of dry matter, crude protein, mineral, neutral fiber detergent, acid fiber detergent, lignin and ºbrix. Reduction in the cell wall constituents was observed with the maturation of the plant, because of the increase in soluble carbohydrates. The silage showed increased protein content and cellular wall constituent because of the use of the soluble carbohydrates in the fermentation process. The nutritive composition not was affected by row spacing. Sugar cane harvesting at 240 and 180 days resulted in greater nutritive losses during ensiling.

Objetivou-se estudar o fluxo e a absorção de aminoácidos em bovinos alimentados com dietas isoprotéicas formuladas com diferentes fontes nitrogenadas. As dietas foram fornecidas a bezerros holandeses canulados no abomaso, com 8 meses de idade e peso médio de 187 kg, em um total de 21 animais escolhidos aleatoriamente para formar o grupo que constituiu as repetições experimentais (sete por tratamento). As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de 40% de volumoso e 60% de concentrado. Como volumoso, utilizou-se feno de capim-de-rhodes e, no concentrado, utilizaram-se milho, farelo de algodão, levedura, uréia, melaço e minerais. As dietas diferiram apenas quanto à fonte nitrogenada (farelo de algodão, levedura ou uréia). As quantidades (g/dia) de aminoácidos no abomaso e a composição em aminoácidos da proteína presente no abomaso e nas fezes foram influenciadas pela fonte protéica da dieta. As fontes nitrogenadas não afetaram significativamente a digestão de aminoácidos no intestino. A disponibilidade de aminoácidos no abomaso e a absorção no intestino apresentaram valores inferiores aos descritos na literatura, provavelmente porque, neste trabalho, os animais foram submetidos à restrição de ingestão. As fontes nitrogenadas testadas influenciaram a composição e a disponibilidade de aminoácidos em bovinos.

The objective of this study was to investigate the flow and absorption of amino acids (AA) in steers fed diets supplemented with different protein sources. Twenty-one Holstein steers averaging eight months of age and 187 kg of body weight were used. Animals were fitted with abomasal caanulas and fed diets with a forage to concentrate ratio of 40:60. The experimental diets contained Rhodes grass hay, corn, molasses, minerals, and one of the following protein sources: cottonseed meal, yeast, or urea. Animals were assigned to treatments in a completely randomized design with three protein sources and seven replicates per treatment. Each experimental period lasted 17 days with 10 days for diet adaptation and seven days for sample collection. Samples of abomasal digesta were collected every 28 h while those of feces twice a day during the sampling period. The abomasal flow of AA (g/d) and the AA composition of abomasal and fecal samples were significantly affected by protein source. However, no protein source effect was observed for AA digestibility. The abomasal availability and intestinal absorption of AA were lower than expected probably because animals were feed restricted. It can be concluded that AA availability and composition were affected by the different protein sources fed to steers in this trial.

Foram utilizadas 30 vacas da raça Canchim com 50 meses de idade e peso corporal médio de 471 kg, que receberam suplemento alimentar durante a estação seca de 1998, objetivando avaliar a precisão no desempenho estimado por diferentes sistemas de avaliação de dietas. Os suplementos, à base de silagem de milho, milho, polpa cítrica peletizada, farelo de algodão, farelo de soja e soja integral, seguiram as recomendações do Sistema de Proteína Metabolizável (MP); do Sistema de Proteína e Carboidratos Líquidos de Cornell (CNCPS); e do Sistema de Proteína Digestível no Intestino (PDI), para manutenção do peso corporal. A variação diária de peso corporal obtida não diferiu entre os tratamentos CNCPS, MP e PDI, com médias de 0,34; 0,33; e 0,19 kg/cab, respectivamente. Quando a produção de carne constituiu-se no objetivo único do sistema produtivo, a análise econômica revelou saldo de R$22,00; R$-44,73; e R$47,27/ha/ano, para os sistemas CNCPS, MP e PDI, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que os suplementos avaliados pelos sistemas proporcionaram resultados de desempenho animal compatíveis com os estimados.

Thirty Canchim cows, averaged 471 kg of body weight and 50 months old, were fed with supplement during the dry season of 1998, in order to evaluate the precision of the predicted performance for different systems of diet evaluation. The supplements were composed of corn silage, corn grain, citrus pulp, cottonseed meal, soybean meal and whole soybean, in agreement with the recommendations of the Metabolizable Protein System (MP); Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS); and Intestine Digestible Protein System (PDI), for body weight maintenance. The daily body weight change obtained did not differ among treatments CNCPS, MP and PDI, with 0.34; 0.33; and 0.19 kg/head, respectively. When the meat production was the sole objective, the economic analysis revealed R$22.00; R$-44.73; and R$47.27/ha/year for MP, CNCPS and PDI systems, respectively. It was concluded that the adjusted supplements provided compatible results with the estimated animal performance.